Home  About Madagascar   Maps   FAQs   People   History   Environment  Flora  Wildlife   Birds   Fish   Frogs   Invertebrates   Lemurs   Mammals   Reptiles  Places   Antananarivo  Conservation   ANGAP   Parks   Guides   News  Photos  Educational  Media resources  Madagascar News  Store  Madagascar Travel  About the site  How to help  Books  Links  Contact Ecosystems in Madagascar There are a variety of ecosystems in Madagascar: TROPICAL MOIST FORESTS Coastal rainforest Lowland rainforest Montane rainforest Cloud forest High elevation scrub Sambirano forest SOUTHERN AND WESTERN DRY FORESTS Dry deciduous forest Limestone tsingy formations Tapia woodlands Spiny forest SECONDARY (MAN-MADE) COMMUNITIES Grasslands of the Hauts Plateaux Palm savanna Secondary forest Western scrublands Cactus scrub WETLANDS Lakes, marshes, swamps Mangrove forests CORAL REEFS Coral reefs CHART OF PARKS AND ECOSYSTEMS Map showing land cover / vegetation types in Madagascar Forest types in Madagascar ECOSYSTEM PHOTOS Rainforests Tsingy Spiny forest Savanna/grasslands Deforestation 1 | 2 TROPICAL MOIST FORESTS Coastal rainforest Elevation: sea level These forests are some of the rarest in Madagascar. The Bradt guide describes these forests as follows: "Rooted in sand, washed with salty air, battered by cyclones and bordering lagoons and marshes the coastal forest harbors a very unusual community. The architecture of the forest is similar to the more widespread lowland forest, but the plants here are different: they are salt-tolerant and highly efficient at extracting water and nutrients from, the shallow porous sand beneath them." These forests are comparable in structure to the white sands or blackwater forests of the Amazon basin or the heath forests of southeast Asia. Examples: forests north of Fort Dauphin and around Antalaha/Sambava Lowland rainforest more Madagascar rainforest photos Elevation: 0-800 m Lowland rainforests are the most biologically rich ecosystems in Madagascar. These forests are characterized by warm temperatures, humidity that hovers around 100% year round, more than 200 cm (80 inches) of rain annually, and a well developed canopy. MORE Examples: Masoala (including Nosy Mangabe), Makira, Mananara-Nord Montane rainforest Elevation: 800-1300 m Montane rainforest is cooler than lowland rainforest with a lower canopy (18-25 m) and abundant epiphyte growth (especially ferms and orchids), mosses and lichens. Many lemurs and chameleons are found in Madagascar's montane forests. Examples: Ranomafana, Andasibe-Mantadia , Montagne d' Ambre, Marojejy Cloud forest / High mountain sclerophyllous forest / High altitude montane forest Elevation: above 1300 m These forests are cool and often enveloped in mist. Trees are typically shorter than those of lowland forest resulting in a less developed canopy at a height of 10 meters or less. The ground may be covered with a thick layer of mosses and lichens and epiphytes like orchids and ferns thrive with the abundance of moisture from the passing fog. Characterized by rapid changes in temperature and humidity. Examples: Marojejy, Andringitra High elevation scrub Elevation: above 1300 m At the high elevations of Madagascar's tallest peaks, forests yield to a mosaic of stunted montane vegetation, lichens, peat bogs, and grasses, and rock exposures. In this zone you can may find orchids and minature palm trees. Examples: Marojejy, Andringitra Sambirano forest Elevation: 0-1000 m Sambirano forest is found in the northwestern part of the island and serves as transition between the eastern moist forests and the western dry forests. These forests, especially at low elevations, are highly threatened. Examples: Lokobe, parts of the Tsarantanana Massif, region around Manangorivo SOUTHERN AND WESTERN DRY FORESTS Dry deciduous forest Elevation: 0-800 m These seasonal forests are found from northwestern Madagascar south to near Fort Dauphin. While less diverse than their eastern counterparts, the island's dry deciduous forests have high levels of endemicism and many species of lemurs. Deciduous trees lose their leaves during the 6-8 month dry season. When rains return these forests erupt in a sea of bright green leaves. Examples: Kirindy, Zombitse-Vohibasia, Berenty, Bemaraha Limestone tsingy formations Within the dry deciduous forests of Madagascar you can find the island's limestone pinnacle formations known locally as "tsingy." Because limestone is highly porous, these regions often wave well-developed caves and underground rivers. Similar formations can be found in China and Borneo. Examples: Ankarana, Bemaraha, Namoroka Tapia woodlands Visitors to Isalo will see groves of Tapia trees (Uapaca bojeri). These trees, resistant to the frequent grass fires of the Hauts Plateaux are known locally for their edible fruit and as habitat for a wild silkworm. Examples: Isalo Spiny forest All spiny forest photos Madagascar's most unique forests are also some of its most endangered. Madagascar's so-called spiny forests (or "spiny desert") are endemic to the arid southern tip of the island. Spiny forests are dominated by plants of the Didiereaceae family, which is unique to Madagascar as are 95% of the species found in this ecosystem. Didiereaceae closely resemble some forms of cacti but are not related. Unlike catci, Didiereaceae species produce small deciduous leaves which are protected by meanacing thorns and spines that grow directly out of the plant's many branches. Madagascar's spiny forests are being rapidly destroyed for use as charcoal and building material. Examples: Berenty, Bezaha Mahafaly, Ifaty, Cap Sainte Marie SECONDARY (MAN-MADE) COMMUNITIES Grasslands of the Hauts Plateaux ("bosaka") The central of highlands of Madagascar once had significant forest cover but generations of clearing for Zebu cattle and agriculture have left most of the countryside a sea of grass. Lacking roots to anchor the soil, hillsides slide away (locally known as "lavaka") leaving deep red scars across the landscape and eroding massive amounts of topsoil into rivers and streams. In some areas the French planted Eucalyptus and pine plantations to help stem erosion and provide wood for timber. Examples: Central plateau outside Antananarivo Palm savanna In western Madagascar slash-and-burn clearing has left a landscape of grasses and scattered palm trees. Examples: Region around Isalo Secondary forest ("Savoka") Savoka is the local name for the secondary vegetation that grows back after rainforest is cleared and burned. Generally vegetation consists of a limited number of weedy species some of which are exotic. Many plants and animals typically found in primary forests cannot survive in fragmented and disturbed ecosystems. Examples: Much of the eastern rainforest has been replaced with secondary forest. You will find savoka around most national parks having moist forest. Western scrublands Dry deciduous forests in western Madagascar have been burned and replaced with scrub vegetation that is neither attractive nor supports much animal life. In the region between Bemaraha and Morondava, dry scrublands may have scattered surviving baobab trees. Cactus scrub In southern Madagascar cleared spiny forest gives way to introduced cacti. In the area around Berenty cactus is some abundant is some areas you would like it a local species. WETLANDS Lakes, marshes, swamps Madagascar has many wetland ecosystems including lakes, marshes, swamps and lagoons. Typically found in coastal regions, these habitats support a disproportionate amount of Madagascar's birdlife. Examples: Lake Alaotra, Bay de baly, Tsimanampetsotsa Mangrove forests According to the Bradt guide, Madagascar has the largest expanse of mangrove forests in the western Indian Ocean -- more than 300,000 ha. Mangrove forest is found in silt-rich, saline (brackish water) habitats worldwide, generally along large river deltas, estuaries, and coastal areas. It is characterized by low tree diversity, almost exclusively mangroves, with a low broken canopy. Mangroves are evergreen trees and shrubs that are well adapted to their salty and swampy habitat by having breathing roots (pneumatophores) that emerge from the oxygen-deficient mud to absorb oxygen. Examples: Mahajanga, Marovoay. CORAL REEFS Coral reefs Madagascar has some 1,000 km of coral reef. Many turtles. Many sharks and whales. Examples: Islands north off northern Madagascar (Nosy Be and north); area around Fort Dauphin; Masoala; Ifaty region Find a mistake? Want to submit pictures or content? Contact WildMadagascar.org Almost all pictures on this site were taken with a Konica Minolta Recent articles Madagascar fires mapped with Google Earth in real-time Every year as much as one-third of Madagascar, one of the planet's most biodiverse islands, goes up in flames. Now a new tool gives scientists the ability to monitor and track Madagascar's fires in real-time through the Internet. UNESCO lists rainforest parks of Madagascar as Heritage sites (7/2/2007) UNESCO has listed six rainforest parks in Madagascar as World Heritage sites. The announcement comes as the Indian Ocean island nation has moved aggressively to protect its biologically-rich forests from further degradation. Conservation is saving lemurs and helping people in Madagascar (5/7/2007) Madagascar, an island nation that lies off the coast of southeastern Africa, has long been famous for its unique and diverse species of wildlife, especially lemurs--primates found nowhere else on the planet. In recent years, the island country has also become world-renowned for conservation efforts that are succeeding in spite of extraordinary pressures from a poor population that relies heavily on forest burning for basic subsistence. A large part of this success is due to the early efforts of Patricia Wright, a primatologist who has been working in the country for more than 20 years. Wright led the effort to launch the country's leading protected area and helped Madagascar become a leading global example of conservation despite its economic adversity. home | photos index | search | about | contact Unless otherwise noted, all content and images are the property of Rhett Butler, content copyright 2004-2007. All rights reserved.